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<p>The <a href="/2/3_crossing_over.htm">previous page</a> investigated Gregor Mendel and how he found trends in the phenotypes of offspring produced by true breeding parents</p> <h2>Dominant and Recessive Alleles</h2> <p>Mendel paved the way to discovering that <em><a href="/dictionary/allele">alleles</a></em> that code for a particular characteristic, such as the shape of the seeds produced are expressed in dominant and recessive genes.</p> <p>When dominant genes were present, they would supercede the presence of wrinkled and were deemed the <em><a href="/dictionary/dominance">dominant</a></em> gene. For example;</p> <p>If the <em><a href="/dictionary/genotype">genotype</a></em> for seeds was Rr (where R is dominant and r is recessive), R would supercede the <em><a href="/dictionary/recessive">recessive</a></em> gene and the plant would express a round seed <em><a href="/dictionary/phenotype">phenotype</a>.</em></p> <p>If the genotype was rr (where both are recessive) there are no dominant genes therefore the recessive phenotype for wrinkled seed is expressed</p> <p>The previous page mentioned that in the first generation all offspring produced were round seeds, and in the second generation for every three that were round seeded there would be one wrinkled seed. This can be expressed in a Punnett square as illustrated below.</p> <p><img alt="A monohybrid cross looking at the genotype of seed shape in pea plants" src="/images/monohybrid_main.gif"></p> <p>All dominant genes are marked in red, and all recessive genes are marked in green. Whenever the dominant gene is present in an organism this will be expressed. We can summarise the above diagram in the following statements</p> <ul><li>Parent 1 possesses 2 dominant genes in its genotype </li> <li>Parent 2 possesses 2 recessive genes in its genotype </li> <li>The gametes produced by parent 1 all contain the dominant gene while parent 2's gametes all possess the recessive gene. </li> <li>When parent 1 and 2's gametes are crossed, the genotype is Rr. Since all of them have the dominant gene passed on from parent 1, they all express the dominant phenotype </li> <li>The gametes from the first generation produce 50% R gametes and 50% r gametes </li> <li>The second generation produces 1 RR 2 Rr and 1 rr genotypes in offspring, resulting in 3 round seed phenotypes per 1 wrinkled seed </li> </ul><p>This is an example of a monohybrid cross, where we are studying one respect of an animals genotype. The next page continues to look at dominance and examples of monohybrid and dihybrid crossing plus related info.</p>
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