Need help on a few genetics questions please.

[mayorise2012]

In 1956 Francis Crick coined the phrase “central dogma” to describe the information flow from DNA, through RNA, to protein. Although it is still essentially valid, one very significant observation that came out of the human genome project has added substantial complexity to this seemingly simple relationship. What is this observation, and how does it impact our understand of the nature and function of genes?


The bacterium Salmonella typhimurium forms Hfr strains at a much lower frequency than it’s sister species Escherichia coli. Based upon the way Hfr's are formed, what would be a simple explanation for this difference?

How can bacterial Conjugation Mapping be considered a genetic map and a physical map?


From the context of microarray analysis, what is guilt-by-association, what is it used for, and how is it applied?


Thank you

[mith]

don't u usually have assigned readings to help you?