BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORT

[chenwithasterisk]

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Introduction

In this investigation, the topic is based on genetically modified maize relevant to new Zealand. Firstly, genetic engineering is the permanent alteration of an organism’s genetic material, using laboratory-based techniques rather than conventional breeding methods.-(1)
The benefits of genetic engineering include many aspects: such as genetically modified crops can give them an enhanced taste and quality; reduced maturation time; improved resistance to disease, pests and herbicides.-(2). This will not only benefit farmers as they can spend less on spraying hebicides but also benefit consumers since the foods are now more nutritional. Secondly, in terms of our environment, genetically modified crops can help us conserve soil,water and energy,as well as they are more efficient processing.this further more helps the society, because of increased food security for growing populations.-(3) in the rest of this investigation, detailed biological processes and benefits will be discussed to enhance our understanding.

Paragraph 2( biological concepts and Processes)
Firstly, the basic principal about genetically modified foods, is that these foods have had their genome altered through genetic engineering techniques. An DNA that is extracted from another food get modified in the labroratory and be inserted into an organism’s genome to produce both new and useful traits or phenotypes-(3).therefore as we can see here, genetically modified foods are all about keeping the desirable traits,while eliminating undesirable traits.
In the genetic engineering industry, many processes are involved such as gene cloning, transgenesis, DNA profiling and genome analysis. In our case, which is a process called
Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is involved in both gene cloning and transgenesis. This is because gene cloning is able to make copies of genes very quickly,therefore many identical genes can be used for further genetic manipulation.whereas transgenesis is used in agrobacterium-mediated transformation because of its ability to transfer its own genetic material and recombinant DNA into the genetic material of another species.this is why both gene cloning and transgenesis are involved in Agrobacterium-mediated transformations. Further more,the detailed processes include: firstly,
Biological implication:

The use of GM maize&plant have been a huge controversy in new Zealand, since the biological impacts on human beings could be detrimental as suggested by Dr Michael Antoniu,Senior lecturer in molecular genetics from King’s College Medical School,London. ‘To my knowledge they have demonstrated clearly that you can get GE plant DNA in the gut bacteria. Everyone used to deny that this was possible.’ ‘It suggests that you can get antibiotic marker genes spreading around the stomach which would compromise antibiotic resistance. They have shown that this can happen even at very low levels after just one meal’ (Robert,A. 2005 p13) as Dr Michael stated above, the biological impacts on human beings are quite significant. Since GE foods have genes engineered into them which create proteins. Whereas many of these proteins have never been present in the food chain(Edited by Eisen,J. 2003 p102)




(1): Jess B and Jon T 2007 The Rough Guide to Genes and Cloning. London the Penguin Group

(2): http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome /elsi/gmfood.shtml office of science U.S. Department of Energy 10/07/2007

(3) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GM_food Wikimedia Foundation 10/07/2007
(4):http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome /elsi/gmfood.shtml office of science U.S. Department of Energy 10/07/2007