This article surveys the beliefs concerning the supernatural characteristics and powers of …

• Abstract
• Background
• Methodology
• Results
• Discussion
• Conclusion
• References
• Table 1
• Table 2
• Table 3
• Table 4

Biology Articles » Ethnobiology » The supernatural characters and powers of sacred trees in the Holy Land » References

References

- The supernatural characters and powers of sacred trees in the Holy Land

1. Olsen B: Sacred Places around the World. San Francisco: CCC Publishing; 2004.

2. Carmichael DL, Hubert J, Reeves B, Schande A: Sacred Sites, Sacred Places. London & New York: Routledge; 1994.

3. Gottlieb RS: This Sacred Earth. London & New York: Routledge; 2004.

4. Parish HL: Monks, Miracles and Magic: Reformation of the Medieval Church. London & New York: Routledge; 2005.

5. Tarasov O: Icon and Devotion: Sacred Spaces in Imperial Russia. London: Reaktion Books; 2003.

6. James ED: The Tree of Life. Leiden: EJ Brill; 1966.

7. Goring R: Dictionary of Beliefs and Religions. Lincolnwood, Ill.: Wordsworth Edition; 1997.

8. Geary P: Sacred commodities, the circulation of medieval relics. In The Social Life of Things. Edited by: Appanduri A. New York: Cambridge University Press; 1986:189-191.

9. Astley S: A History of Europe during the middle Ages. London: Longman; 1833.

10. Marlborough RT: The Magical Powers of the Saints. Woodbury, Minnesota: Llewellyn Worldwide; 1998.

11. Cunningham LS: A Brief History of Saints. Oxford: Blackwell; 2004.

12. Oliver G: History of the Holy Trinity Guild. London: Edward Bell Drury; 1837.

13. Philpot JH: The Sacred Tree or the Tree in Religion and Myth. London: MacMillan & Co; 1897.

14. Frazer JG: Folklore in the Old Testament: Studies in Comparative Religion Legend and Law. New York and London: Macmillan; 1919.

15. Zwemer SM: The Influence of Animism in Islam. London: MacMillan; 1920.

16. Holtum DC: Some notes on Japanese tree worship.

    The Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, 2nd Series 1931, 89:1-19.

17. Birge DE: Sacred Groves in the Ancient Greek World. PhD thesis. University of California Berkeley: Department of Ancient History and Archaeology; 1982.

18. Relve H: The forest roots of Estonians. In Boreal Forests of the World IV: Integrating Cultural Values into Local and Global Forest Protection. 5–10.10.1998, Tartu, Estonia. Edited by: Rhas R, Janssen A, Peter E. Tartu: Estonian Green Movement; 1989:21-25.

19. Piper VL: Uprooting traditional interpretation: A consideration of tree worship in the migration of Abraham. In PhD Thesis. SUNY at Buffalo: Department of English; 1989.

20. Lucas AT: The sacred trees of Ireland.

    Journal of the Cork Historical and Archaeological Society 1968, 68:16-54.

21. Hamilton LS: Forest tree conservation through metaphysical constraints.

    The George Wright Forum 2002, 19:57-78.

22. Collis JS: The Triumph of the Tree. London: Jonathan Cape; 1960.

23. Altman N: Sacred Trees. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books; 2000.

24. Anesaki G: Japan Mythology. In The Mythology of all Races. Volume 8. Edited by: MacCulloch JA. Boston: Marshall Jones Company; 1964:206-416.

25. Knight J: Tatari: livelihood and danger in upland Japan. In Local Knowledge of Forest and Forest Uses among Tribal Communities in India. Edited by: Seeland K, Schmithusen F. Zurich: Department of Wald und Holzforchung; 1997:127-148.

26. Westermarck E: Pagan Survivals in Mohammedan Civilisation. Amsterdam: Philo Press; 1933.

27. Simoons FJ: Plants of Life, Plants of Death. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press; 1988.

28. Goldziher I: Muslim Studies. Edited by: Stern SM. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd; 1971.

29. Burton RF: Wit and Wisdom from West Africa. London: Tinsley; 1885.

30. Majupuria TC, Johshi DP: Religious and Useful Plants of Nepal and India. Lashkar: Gupta M; 1997.

31. Robbins P: Nomadization in Rajasthan, India: migration, institutions and economy.

    Human Ecology 1998, 26:87-112.

32. Elworthy TF: The Evil Eye. New York: Julian Press; 1958.

33. Frazer JG: The Worship of Nature. London: MacMillan; 1926.

34. Donaldson BA: The Wild Rue. New York: Arno Press; 1973.

35. Bechmann R: Trees and Man: The Forest in the middle Ages. Edited by: Dunham K. New York: Paragon House; 1990.

36. Hughes JD: How the Ancients viewed deforestation.

    Journal of Field Archaeology 1983, 10:435-445.

37. Hughes JD: Sacred groves: the gods, forest protection, and sustainable yield in the ancient World. In History of Sustained-Yield Forestry, a Symposium. Western Forestry Center, Portland: Oregon, October 19–29; 1983:331-343.

38. Hughes JD: An Environmental History of the World. London & New York: Routledge; 2001.

39. Ovid: Metamorphosis. Edited by: Melvill AD. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1986.

40. Canaan T: Mohammedan Saints and Sanctuaries in Palestine. Jerusalem: Ariel (Originally published 1927–1928, rep n.d.);

41. Dafni A: Why are rags tied to the sacred trees of the Holy Land?

    Economic Botany 2002, 56:315-327.

42. Dafni A: On the typology and worship status of sacred trees with a special reference to the Middle East.

    J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2:26.

43. Baldensperger PJ: Peasant folk-lore of Palestine.

    Palestine Exploration Fund, Quarterly Statement for 1893 1893, 203-209.

44. Miron Y, Kabha : The Wadi's Legends:A Selection of Popular Stories From Wadi 'Ara. Giv'at Haviva: Institute of Arabic Studies; (In Hebrew and Arabic); 1993.

45. Vilnay Z: Sepulchral Monuments in Israel. Jerusalem: Ha'rav Kook; (In Hebrew); 1963.

46. Blackman AM: Sacred trees in modern Egypt.

    Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 1925, 9:56-57.

47. Roscoe J: The Bakitara or Banyoro The Banyankole. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1923.

48. Hobley CW: Bantu Beliefs and Magic. London: Titherby; 1938.

49. Wadley RL, Pierce PD, Colfer CJ: Sacred forests, hunting and conservation in West Kalimantan, Indonesia.

    Human Ecology 2004, 32:313-338.

50. Porteous A: Forest Folklore, Mythology and Romance. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd; 1928.

51. MacCulloch JA: The Religion of the Ancient Celts. Edinburgh: T&T Clark; 1911.

52. Westermarck E: Ritual and Belief in Morocco. New York: University Press Books; 1968.

53. Hughes JD: Pan's Travail: Environmental Problems of the Ancient Greeks and Romans. Baltimore: John Hopkins University; 1994.

54. Chandran MDS, Hughes JD: Sacred groves and conservation: the comparative history of traditional reserves in the Mediterranean area and in south India.

    Environment and History 2000, 6:189-186.

55. Gadgil M, Vartak VD: Sacred groves of Maharashtra: an inventory. In Glimpses in Indian Ethnobotany. Edited by: Jain SK. New Delhi: Oxford University Press; 1981:279-294.

56. Medzini A: Expansion of Bedouin settlement in Galilee resulting from spontaneous occupation and planned government policy. In Monogeography. No. 1, Haifa: Department of Geography; University of Haifa; 1984.

57. Dana N: The Druze in the Middle East – their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status. Brighton and Portland: Sussex Academic Press; 2003.

58. Hanauer JE: Folk-lore of the Holy Land – Moslem, Christian and Jewish. London: The Sheldon Press; 2002.

59. Lunts AM: Hame'amer. Jerusalem: The Author; (In Hebrew); 1920.

60. Grimm J: Teutonic Mythology. Edited by: Stalybrass JS. New York: Dover Publications; Inc; 1966.

61. Robertson-Smith W: Lectures on the Religion of the Semites. Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black; 1889.

62. Ben Tsvi Y: Eretz Israel pilgrimage Travels of Rabbi Moshe Bassula. Jerusalem: Dfus Merkaz; (In Hebrew); 1983.

63. Yaari A: Jewish Travellers to Eretz Israel. Tel Aviv Gazit; (In Hebrew); 1946.

64. Hadad M: Peqee'ns Legends. Oranim: School of Education of The Kibbutzim Movement; (In Hebrew); 1980.

65. Morton A: Tree Heritage of Britain and Ireland. Shrewsbury: Swan Hill Press; 1998.

66. Dowden K: European Paganism: The Realities of Cult from Antiquity to the Middle Ages. London: Routledge; 2000.

67. Patai R: Man and Earth. Jerusalem: The Hebrew University; (In Hebrew); 1942.

68. Bar-Zvi S, Abu Rabi A, Kressel GM: The Charm of Graves: Mourning Rituals and Tomb Worshipping among the Negev Bedouin. Tel Aviv: Ministry of Defence Press; (Hebrew); 1998.

69. Dafni A, Levy S, Lev A: The ethnobotany of Christ's Thorn Jujube (Ziziphus spina – christi) in Israel.

    Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2005, 1:12-22.

70. Berman S: Shimon's Travels: Eretz Israel 1870. Edited by: Neev D. Jerusalem: Yad Ben Tsvi; (In Hebrew); 1980.

71. Gubernatis A: Mythologie des plantes ou les légendes du règne vegetal. Volume I. Paris: C. Reinwald; 1878.

    (Vol I rep. Arche, Milano, 1976)

72. Cook AB: Zeus and the Oak.

    Classical Review 1904, 18:75-89.

73. Grant E: Oracle in the Old Testament.

    Am J Sem Lang Lit 1946, 39:257-281.

74. Doughty CM: Travels in Arabia Deserta. New York: Boni & Liveright; 1926.

75. Millar D, Aniah R, Atoyure P: Shrines and groves.

    COMPAS Newsletter 1999, 34-36.

76. Khumbongmayum AD, Khan ML, Tripathi RS: Sacred Groves of Manipur northeast India: biodiversity value, status and strategies for their conservation.

    Biodiversity and Conservation 2005, 14:1541-1582.

77. Stuart K, Ujiyediin C: Mongol tree worship.

    Archív Orientální 1997, 65:275-191.

    UNESCO Terminal report on co-operative integrated project on the savannah ecosystem Ghana. Paris: UNESCO; Serial N° FMR/SC/ECO/96-209-FIT. 1966

78. Lebbie AR, Freudenberger MS: Sacred groves in Africa: forest patches in transition. In Forest Patches in Tropical land Landscape. Edited by: Schelhas J, Greenberg R. Washington: Island Press; 1966:300-324.

79. Sered S: Women of the sacred groves: divine priestesses of Okinawa. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1999.

80. Meitzner-Yoder LS: Customs, codification, collaboration: integrity of the legacies of land and forest authorities in Oecuse enclave, East Timor. PhD thesis. Yale University: Faculty of Graduate School; 2005.

81. Deb D: Malhorta KC: Conservation ethos in local traditions: the West Bengal Heritage.

    Society and Natural Resources 2001, 14:711-724.

82. Vovina PO: Building the road to the temple: religion and national reveal in the Chuvash republic.

    Nationalities Papers 2000, 28:695-706.

83. Chidahakwa Z: Continuing the change: the role of dynamics of traditional institutions in the management of the Haroni and Rusitu forests in Chimanimani, Zimbabwe. CASS/PLAAS CBNRN 3rd Regional Workshop, 8–9.10.2001, Maputo, Mozambique;

84. Malla BL: Trees in Indian Art, Mythology and Folklore. New Delhi: Aryan Books International; 2000.

85. Randhawa MS: The Cult of Trees and Tree Worship in Buddhist-Ainu Scripture. New Delhi: The Indian Fine Arts and Crafts Society; 1964.

86. Vilnay Z: Legends of Eretz Israel. 7th edition. Jerusalem: Kiryat Sefer; (In Hebrew); 1970.

87. Ettinger A: The Carmel. Tel Aviv: Omanut; (In Hebrew); 1931.

88. Gupta SS, Editor: Tree Symbols and Worship in India – a New Survey of a Pattern of Folk Religion. Calcutta: Indian Publications; 1965.

89. Holmberg U: Finno-Ugric Siberian. In The Mythology of all Races. Volume 4. Edited by: MacCulloch CJA. Boston: Marshall Jones co; 1964.

90. Gold G, Gujar BR: Of gods, trees and boundaries: divine conservation in Rajasthan.

    Asian Folklore Studies 1989, 48:211-229.

91. Jaussen A: Coutumes des Arabes au pays de Moab. Paris: Geuthner P; 1908.

92. Lake JW: Tree and Serpent. Edmonds, WA: Sure Fire Press; 1994.

93. Albright WF: The goddess of life and wisdom.

    The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literature 1920, 36:258-294.

94. Langdon SH: Semitic Mythology. In The Mythology of all Races. Volume 5. Edited by: MacCulloch JA. Boston: Marshall Jones Company; 1931.

95. Merril J: Snake imagery and healing.

    J Lab Clin Med 1991, 117:431-432.

96. Murison RG: The serpent in the Old Testament.

    The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures 1905, 21:115-130.

97. Lambert WG: Trees, snakes and gods in ancient Syria and Anatolia.

    Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London 1985, 48:435-451.

98. Oldfield-Howey M: The Encircled Serpent – A Study of Serpent Symbolism of all Countries and Ages. New York: Arthur Richmond Co; 1955.

99. Grave R: The Greek Myth. London: Penguin Books; 1986.

100. Crooke W: An Introduction to the Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India. Allahabad: Government Press; 1894.

101. Fergusson J: Tree and Serpent Worship. London: WH Allen; 1868.

102. Freeman JR: Gods, groves and the culture of nature in Kerala.

     Modern Asian Studies 1999, 33:257-302.

103. Rouse WH: Greek Votive Offerings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1902.

104. Goldsmith ED: Ancient Pagan Symbols. New York: Putnam; 1929.

105. Grant M, Hazel J: Who is Who in Classical Mythology. New York: Routledge; 2003.

106. Bharucha E: Cultural and spiritual values related to the conservation of biodiversity in sacred groves of the western Ghat in Maharashtra. In Cultural and Spiritual Values of Biodiversity. Edited by: Posey DA. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme; 1999:382-385.

107. Joshi P, Shrivastava Y: Drops of nature conservation – sacred groves.

     J Hum Eco 2000, 11:327-330.

108. Byres BA, Cunliffe RN, Hudak AT: Linking the conservation of culture and nature: a case study of sacred forest in Zimbabwe.

     Hum Eco 2001, 29:187-218.

109. Serra A: Legitimacy of local institutions of natural resources management: the case of M'Punga, Mozambique. Mrena Researach Project, Working Paper No. 3, School of African and Asian Studies, University of Sussex and Centro de Experimentação Florestal, Sussudenga, Mozambique; 2001.

110. Levy S: Faith and worship of the Bedouin in Sinai. Tel Aviv: The Society for Protection of Nature; (In Hebrew); 1980.

111. Avivi S: The Druze in Israel and their Sacred Places. Jerusalem: Ariel. (Ariel 142); 2000.

112. Schumacher G: The Jaulan. London: R. Bentley; 1888.

113. Aristophanes: Archamense, Equites, Nubes, Vespas, Pacem, Aves. Volume 1. Edited by: Hall FW, Geldart WM. The Oxford Classical Texts. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1906.

114. Virgil: The Georgics and Eclogues. Edited by: Williamas TC. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; 1915.

115. Manhardt W: Wald und Feldkulte. Berlin: Gebr. Borntraeger; 1875.

116. Hasluck FW: Christianity and Islam under the Sultans. Edited by: Hasluck MM. New York: Octagon Books; 1973.

117. Hahn C: Seeing and believing: The construction of sancticity in early Medieval saint's shrines.

     Speculum 1997, 72:1079-1106.

118. Hartland ES: Pin-wells and rag bushes.

     Folklore 1893, 4:451-470.

119. Frazer JB: Magic and Religion. London: Watts & Co; 1944.

120. Ayoub M: Cult and culture: common saints and shrines in Middle Eastern popular piety. In Religion and Culture in Medieval Islam. Edited by: Hovannisian RG. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1999:103-115.

121. Manouelian E: Invented traditions: primitivist narrative and design in the Polish Fin de Siecle.

     Slav Rev 2000, 59:391-405.

122. Sessions F: Syrian folklore notes gathered on Mount Lebanon.

     Folklore 1898, 9:3-22.

123. Johnson F: Some Bedouin customs.

     Man 1918, 18:6-8.

124. Reilly J: The peasantry of late Ottoman Palestine.

     Journal of Palestine Studies 1981, 10:82-97.

125. Rawlinson HC: The road to Merv.

     Proc Roy Geo Soc Month Rec Geo 1879, 1:161-191.

126. Wilson C: Peasant Life in the Holy Land. London: John Murray; 1906.

127. Halliday WR: Folklore scraps from Greece and Asia Minor.

     Folklore 1912, 23:218-220.

128. Burton R, Tyrwhitt-Drake C: Unexplored Syria, visits to the Libanus, the Tuel El Safi', the Antilibanus, the northern Libanus and the Alah. London: Tinsley Brothers; 1872.

129. Marcus AM: "The saint has been stolen": sancticity and social change in the tribe of eastern Morocco.

     American Ethnologist 1985, 12:455-467.

130. Lees R: Village Life in Palestine. London: Longman, Green & Co; 1905.

131. A'rráf S: The Status of the Prophets and Saints in the Holy Land. Tarshikha: Ikhwan (In Arabic); 1993.

132. Hornblower GD: A sacred grove in Egypt.

     Man 1930, 30:17-19.

133. Frazer JG: The Golden Bough: The Roots of Religion and Folklore. New York: Avenel Books; 1981.

     (First published 1922)

134. Jordan B, Perlin T: On the protection of sacred groves. In Studies Presented to Sterling Dow on his Eightieth Birthday. Edited by: Rigsby KJ. Greek, Roman and Byzantine Monographs 10, Durham, NC: Duke University; 1984:153-159.

135. Bhasin V: Religions and cultural perspectives of sacred sites-Sitabari in Rajasthan.

     J Hum Ecol 1999, 10:329-340.

136. Boomgaard P: Sacred trees and haunted forests-Indonesia, particularly Java, 19^th and 20^th centuries. In Asian Perceptions of Nature. Edited by: Bruun O, Kallanda A. Nordic Institute of Asian Studies. Copenhagen: Curzon Press; 1995:39-53.

137. Rodgers WA: The sacred groves of Meghalaya.

     Man India 1994, 74:339-348.

138. Chandrakanth MG, Bhat MG, Accavva MS: Socioeconomic changes and sacred groves in south India: protecting a community-based resource management institution.

     Nat.l Resources Forum 2004, 28:102-11.

139. Arora V: The forest of symbols embodied in the Thulong sacred landscape of North Sikkim, India.

     Conser Soc 2005, 4:55-83.

140. Cato MP: Marcus Porci Catonis De Agri Cultura Liber. Edited by: Goetz G. Leipzig: Teubner; 1922.

141. Khiewtam RS, Ramakrishnan PS: Socio-cultural studies of the sacred groves of Cherrapunji and adjoining areas in the North Eastern India.

     Man in India 1989, 69:64-71.

142. Curtiss SI: Primitive Semitic Religion to-Day. London: Hodder and Stoughton; 1902.

143. Rice DS: A Muslim shrine in Harran.

     Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 1955, 17:436-448.

144. White KD: The sacred grove: a comparative study of some parallel aspects of religious ritual in ancient Crete and the Near East.

     Greece and Rome 1954, 1:112-127.

145. Hussain ABME: Sacred sites in Bengladesh: country report. In Conserving the Sacred for Biodiversity Mmanagement. Edited by: Ramakrishnan PS, Saxena KG, Chandrasheekara UM. New Delhi and Calcutta: Oxford and IHB Publishing Co; 1998:123-127.

146. Roscoe J: The Baganda: An Account of their Native Customs and Beliefs. London: MacMillan; 1911.

147. Wode B: Village forest protection regulation in Vietnam: strengthening participation in natural resources management. In Best Practices Using Indigenous Knowledge. Edited by: Boven K, Morohashi J. Hague: Nuffic and UNESCO: Paris; 2002:112-129.

148. Himberg N: Community – based ecotourism as a sustainable development option in Taita Taveta, Kenya. In Taita Hills and Kenya. Volume 40. Edited by: Pellika P, Ylhäisi J, Clarck B. Helsinki: Expedition Reports of the Department of Geography, University of Helsinki; 2004:87-95.

149. Chanthitath K: Forest utilization by local people in Vang Vieng district. Forest Conservation and Afforestation Project (FPRCAP);

     http://www.iges.or.jp/en/fc/phase1/ir98-3-25.pdfwebcite (Visited 1.10.06).

150. Laird SA: Forests, culture and conservation. In Cultural and Spiritual Values of Biodiversity. Edited by: Posey DA. London: Intermediate Technology Publications and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); 1999:347-395.

151. Xu JC, Mikesell S: Indigenous knowledge of sustainable livelihood and resources governance in the MMSEA region. In Landscapes of Diversity: Proceedings of the III Symposium on MMSEA. 25–28.8.2002. Edited by: Xu J, Mikesell S. Lijiang, China: Yunnan Sciences and Technology Press; 2002:3-22.

152. Huabin H: Sacred natural sites in Xishuangbanna in south-western China. In The Importance of Sacred Natural Sites for Biodiversity Conservation. Edited by: Lee C, Schaaf T. International Workshop on the Importance of Sacred Natural Sites for Biodiversity Conservation. Kunming and Xishuangbanna Biosphere Reserve, China 17–20.2.2003. UNESCO, MAB, CAS, IUCN; 2003:127-133.

153. Amirthalingam M: Folklore of sacred groves.

     Indian Folklore 2000, 1:8-9.

154. Apffel-Marglin F, Mishra PC: Sacred groves: regeneration the body, the land, the community. In Global Ecology A New Arena of Political Conflict. Edited by: Sachs W. London: Zed Books; 1993:1-39.

155. Patnaik S, Pandey A: Study of an indigenous community-based forest management system: Sarna (sacred grove). In Conserving the Sacred for Biodiversity Management. Edited by: Ramakrishnan PS, Saxena KG, Chandrasheekara UM. New Delhi and Calcutta: Oxford and IHB Publishing; 1998:315-321.

156. Dudley A: Indigenous forest use practices and sustainability: a case of the Adivasis of the Nilgiri biosphere region, south India. In MA thesis. Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Canada; 1999.

157. Zoundjihekpon J, Dossou-Glehouenou B: Cultural and spiritual values of biodiversity in West Africa: the case of Benin and Côte d'Ivoire. In Cultural and Spiritual Values of Biodiversity. A Complementary Contribution to the Global Biodiversity Assessment. Edited by: Posey DA. London: Intermediate Technology Publications, UNEP; 1991:70-371.

158. Anoliefo GO, Isikhuemhen OS, Ochije NR: Environmental implications of the erosion of cultural taboo and practices in Awka-south local governmental arena of Anambra state, Nigeria: 1. Forests, trees and water resources preservation.

     J Agric Env Ethics 2003, 16:281-296.

159. Falconer J: Non-timber forest products in southern Ghana: traditional and cultural forest values. In Cultural and Spiritual Values of Biodiversity. Edited by: Posey DA. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme; 1999:366-370.

160. O'Neal Campbell M: Sacred Groves for forest conservation in Ghana's coastal savannas: assessing ecological and social dimensions.

     Singapore J Trop Geo 2005, 26:151-169.

161. McWilliam A: Prospects for the sacred grove, valuing lulic forests on Timor.

     The Asian Pac J Anthropol 2001, 2:89-113.

162. Boven K, Morohashi J: Best Practices Using Indigenous Knowledge. Nuffic: The Hague and UNESCO/MOST: Paris; 2002.

163. Crowfoot GM, Baldensperger L: From Cedar to Hyssop. London: Sheldon Press; 1932.

164. Ben Ami I: Saint Veneration among the Jews of Morocco. Jerusalem: Joseph Lusassy; 1995.

165. Withanage H: Role of sacred groves in conservation and management of biodiversity in Sri Lanka. In Conserving the Sacred for BModiversity management. Edited by: Ramakrishnan PS, Saxena KG, Chandrasheekara UM. New Delhi and Calcutta: Oxford and IHB Publishing Co; 1998:169-186.

166. Morse SC: Kami as Yakushi – Yakushi as a Kami. Society for the Study of Japanese Religions, AAS Annual Meeting, New York, NY, 23.3.03;

167. Mülinen E: Beitrage zur Kenntnis des Karmel. Leipzig: Baedeker; 1908.

168. Drower ESS: The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran. Leiden: Brill; 1962.

169. Zwaal N: Narrative for nature-storytelling as a vehicle for improving the intercultural dialogue on environmental conservation in Cameroon. In PhD Thesis. Universiteit Leiden: Faculteit der Wiskunde en Natuurwetenschappen en die der Geneeskunde; 2003.

170. Binning RBM: A Journal of Two Years Travel in Persia etc. London: W.H. Allen; 1857.

171. Williams-Jackson AV: Zoroastrian Studies – The Iranian Religion and Various Monographs. New York: AMS Press Inc; 1965.

172. Soutter R, Ntiamoa-Baidu Y, Smith J, Rana D: Recognizing the contribution of sacred natural sites for biodiversity conservation. Lecture presented at the World Park Congress, Durban, South Africa; 2003.

     http://www.iucn.org/themes/wcpa/theme/values/values.html (visited 12.8.05)

173. Harris WT: The Springs of Mende: Belief and Conduct. Freetown: Sierra Leone University Press; 1968.

174. Beech WH: The sacred Fig-tree of a Kikuyu of East Africa.

     Man 1913, 3:4-6.

175. Talbot PA: The Bugunda of Lake Chad.

     J Anthro Inst Gr Brit Ire 41:245-249.

176. Gebert E: Trees.

     Education about Asia 2001, 6:23-26.

177. Yadin A: the Middle of the Tamuz. Edited by: Broza M. Tel Aviv: Ministry of Defence. (In Hebrew); 1990.

178. Frazer JD: Balder the Beautiful: the Fire Festivals of Europe and the Doctrine of the External Soul. New York: McMillan; 1923.

179. Griffith JB: Glimpses of a Nyika tribe (Waduruma).

     The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 1935, 65:267-296.

180. Ilan Z: Tombs of the Righteous in the Land of Israel. Jerusalem: Cana; 1997.

181. Blackman A: Some Egyptian and Nubian notes.

     Man 1910, 10:25-29.

182. Schaaf T: Report on the Workshop on Natural Sacred Sites. In Cultural Diversity and Biological Diversity. Paris: UNESCO; Symposium, CNRS, MNHN, National Museum of Natural History; 1998:143-152.

183. Rattray RS: Ashanti. New York: Negro University Press; 1969.

184. Farbridge MH: Studies in Biblical and Semitic Symbolism. New York: Ktav Publishing House Inc; 1970.

185. Diamond HM: Property and the Cult.

     Am J So 1926, 32:264-270.

186. Sharif J: Qanoon-e-Islam: Or the Customs of the Musssulmans of India. London: Higginbotham; 1863.

187. Grendon F: The Anglo-Saxon charms.

     The Journal of Folklore 1909, 22:105-237.

188. Słupecki LP: Slavonic Pagan Sanctuaries. Warsaw: Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology, Polish Academy of Sciences; 1994.

189. Githitho AN: The sacred Mijikenda Kaya forests of coastal Kenya and biodiversity conservation. In The Importance of Sacred Natural Sites for Biological Conservation. Edited by: Lee C, Schaaf T. Proceedings of the International Workshop, Kunming and Xishuangbanna. Paris: UNESCO, Division of Ecological Sciences; 2003:27-35.

190. Ylhäisi J: The significance of the traditional forests and ritual in Tanzania: a case study of Zigua, Gwenu and Nyamvezi ethic groups.

     Silva Carelica 2000, 34:194-219.

191. Avasthi A: Sacred beliefs and practices of Indian folk and environment. Paper presented at 13th Congress of Sociology, 18–23.7.1994. Bielefeld, Germany. mimeo; 1994:18.

192. Hay Eidie T: Landscape perception and sensory emplacement. In Cultural and Spiritual Values of Biodiversity. Edited by: Posey DA. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme; 1991:246-249.

193. Crawfurd AW: Letters from Egypt, Edom and the Holy Land. London: H. Colburn; 1830.

194. Wicramastiingle A: Adam's peak sacred mountain forest. In International Workshop on the Importance of Natural Sites for Biodiversity Conservation. Edited by: Lee C, Schaaf T. Kunming and Xishuangbanna Biosphere Reserve, China. Paris: UNESCO, Division of Ecological Sciences; 2003:109-118.

195. Shengji P: Some effects of the Dai people's cultural beliefs and practices on the plant environment of Xishuangbanna, Yunnan province, southern China. In Cultural Values and Human Ecology in Southeast Asia. Edited by: Hetterer KL, Rambo AT, Lovelace G. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan; 1985:321-339.

196. Drower ESS: Peacock Angel: being some Accounts of the Votaries of a Secret cult and their Sanctuaries. London: J. Murray; 1941.

197. Ramakrishnan PS: Sustainable development, climate change and tropical rain forest.

     Clim Chan 1998, 39:443-460.

198. Gardén CA, Mtallo S: Traditional forest reserves in Babati district, Tanzania – a study in human ecology. Uppsala: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, International Rural Development; Working Paper No. 128; 1990.

199. Anderson OM, Salick T, Mosley RK, Xiaokun J: Conserving the sacred medicine mountains, a vegetation analysis of Tibetan sacred sites in Northwest Yunnan.

     Biodiver Conser 2005, 14:3065-3092.

200. Eisenstein JD: Treasure of Travels. New York: The Author; 1927.

201. Sheridan M: The sacred forests of North Para, Tanzania: indigenous conservation, local policies and local tenure. Boston: Boston University African Studies Center; Working Papers in African Studies No. 224; 2000.

202. Larson PM: Capacities and modes of thinking: intellectual engagement and suburban hegemony in early history of Malagasy Christianity.

     Am His Rev 1997, 102:969-1002.

203. Gupta SM: Plant Myth and Traditions in India. 3rd edition. Calcutta: Munshiram Manoharlal; 2001.

204. Pausanias: Description of Greece. Volume 5. Edited by: Jones WHS, Ormerod HA. Harvard: Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press; 1918.

205. Hobley CW: Further researches into Kikuyu and Kamba religions beliefs and customs.

     The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 1922, 41:406-457.

206. Horning NR: Explaining compliance with rules covering common-pool forest resource use and conservation: dynamics in Bara country, south western Madagascar. In Meeting of the International Association for the Study of Common Property. Bloomington, Indiana: 31.5–4.6.2000;

207. Blench R: Cultural and biological interactions in the savanna forests and management of trees. In Conference on Trees, Rain and Politics in Africa. Oxford. 29.9–1.10.2004;

     http://homepage.ntlworld.com/roger_blench/RBOP.htm  (Visited 1.10.05)

208. Foppes J, Ketphanth S: Forest extraction or cultivation? local solution from Lao PDR. In Workshop on the Evolution and Sustainability of "Intermediate Systems" of Forest Management, FOREASIA, 28.6–1.7.2000, Lofoten, Norway;

209. Hongmao L, Zaifu X, Youkai X, Jinxiu W: Conserving plant diversity through traditional beliefs in Xishuangbanna, Southwest China. In The Importance of Sacred Natural for Biodiversity Conservation. Edited by: Lee C, Schaaf T. International Workshop on the Importance of Sacred Natural Sites for Biodiversity Conservation. Kunming and Xishuangbanna Biosphere Reserve, China: 17–20.2.2003. UNESCO, MAB, CAS, IUCN; 2003:134-142.

210. Peng L, Ning W, Zhaoli Y, Shengji P: Sacred sites in Northwest Yunnan, China. In The Importance of Sacred Natural for Biodiversity Conservation. Edited by: Lee C, Schaaf T. International Workshop on theImportance of Sacred Natural Sites for Biodiversity Conservation. Kunming and Xishuangbanna Biosphere Reserve, China: 17–20.2.2003. UNESCO, MAB, CAS, IUCN; 2003:47-159.

211. Wenjiang L: Local knowledge and dryland management in Xinjiang, Northwest China. In The Importance of Sacred Natural Sites for Biodiversity Conservation. Edited by: Lee C, Schaaf T. International Workshop on the Importance of Sacred Natural Sites for Biodiversity Conservation. Kunming and Xishuangbanna Biosphere Reserve, China 17–20.2.2003. UNESCO, MAB, CAS, IUCN; 2003:143-146.

212. Anonymous: Cultus Arborum – Phallic Tree Worship. Privately Printed; 1890.

213. Madeweya KH, Oka H, Matsumoto M: Sustainable management of sacred forests and their potential for eco-tourism in Zanzibar.

     Bul FFPRI 2004, 3:33-48.

214. Elvin M: Environmental legacy of imperial China.

     China Quart 1998, 156:733-756.

215. Mandondo A: Trees and spaces as emotion and norm laden components of local ecosystems in Nyamaropa communal land, Nyanga districts, Zimbabwe.

     Agric Hum Val 1997, 14:353-372.

216. Curtin J: Journey in Southern Siberia: The Symbol of their Religion and their Myth. Kessinger Publishing (Google:Print); 2004.

217. Stevens S: Tourism and deforestation in Mt. Everest region of Nepal.

     Geo J 169:255-277.

218. Munro-Chadwick H: The oak and the thunder-god.

     J Anthropol Inst Gr Brit Ire 1900, 30:22-44.

219. Hûsang A: Derakt. In Encyclopaedia Iranica. Volume 3. Edited by: Costa-Mesa C. Teheran: Ca. Mazdn Publishers; 1996:316-319.

220. Farhadi M: Cultural background in natural resources.

     Jangal va Marta, Scientific, Social and Economic 1994, 25:39-44.

221. Partridge CH: Cross River Natives. London: Hutchinson & Co; 1905.

222. Gadgil M, Vartak VD: Sacred groves of India – a plea for continued conservation.

     J Bombay Nat.l Hist Soc 1975, 72:313-320.

223. Lombock JLL: Regional development and impact of local culture socicultural structure and natural resources in Kumelembuai village.

     Int J Inf Commin Sci Dec Mak 2003, 12:2-9.

224. Khaneghah AA: Social and cultural aspects of sacred trees in Iran. In Conserving the Sacred for Biodiversity. Edited by: Ramakrishnaan PS, Saxena KG, Chanderashekara V. New Delhi: Oxford and JBH Publishing Co; 1998:123-127.

225. Obsyannikov OV, Terebikhin NM: Sacred spaces in the culture of the Arctic Regions. In Sacred Sites, Sacred Places. Edited by: Carmichael E, Hubert J, Reeves B, Schanche A. New York and London: Routledge; 1994:44-81.

226. Gupta SM: Plant Myths and Traditions in India. Leiden: Brill; 1971.

227. Gellner E: Saints of the Atlas. Chicago: Chicago University Press; 1969.