Tables
- Elephants and Human Color-Blind Deuteranopes Have Identical Sets of Visual Pigments

..................................................

TABLE 1 The ${lambda}$ _max-values for the visual pigments in ungulates and carnivores

	Absorption spectrum (nm)
Species	RH1	SWS1	M/LWS	Reference
Bovine (Bos taurus)	—	455	554	JACOBS et al. (1998)^a
	500	—	—	OPRIAN et al. (1987)^a
Horse (Equus caballus)	—	428	539	CARROLL et al. (2001)^a
	—	—	545	YOKOYAMA and RADLWIMMER (1999)^b
Pig (Sus domestica)	—	439	556	NEITZ and JACOBS (1989)^a
Goat (Capra hircus)	—	444	552	JACOBS et al. (1998)^a
	—	—	553	RADLWIMMER and YOKOYAMA (1997)^b
Sheep (Ovis aries)	—	446	552	JACOBS et al. (1998)^a
Deer (Odocoileus virginianus)	497	456	537	JACOBS et al. (1994)^a
	—	—	531	YOKOYAMA and RADLWIMMER (1999)^b
Deer (Dama dama)	—	454	542	JACOBS et al. (1994)^a
Cat (Felis catus)	—	447	554	LOOP et al. (1987)^a
	—	—	553	YOKOYAMA and RADLWIMMER (1999)^b
Dog (Canis familiaris)	508	431	555	JACOBS et al. (1993)^a
Fox (Urocyon littoralis)	—	432	555	JACOBS et al. (1993)^a
Fox (Vulpes vulpes)	—	438	555	JACOBS et al. (1993)^a

^{^a} The ${lambda}$ _max-values were measured by using an electroretinogram.

^{^b} The ${lambda}$ _max-values were measured by using an in vitro assay (e.g., YOKOYAMA 2000b).

..................................................

TABLE 2 Mutagenesis results and the effects of amino acid changes on ${lambda}$ _max-shift

Pigment	Amino acid change	${lambda}$ _max (nm)	Estimate (nm)
RH1	WT	496	Z_Rh = 498
	N83D	498	${theta}$ _D83N = –2
SWS1	WT	419	Z_B = 360
	S86F	367	${theta}$ _F86S = 51
	I93T	413	${theta}$ _T93I = 0
	V116L	416	${theta}$ _L116V = –1
	S86F/I93T	359	${theta}$ _F86SxT93I = 5
	S86F/V116L	360	${theta}$ _F86SxL116V = 3
	I93T/V116L	411	${theta}$ _T93IxL116V = 8
	S86F/I93T/V116L	360	${theta}$ _{F86SxT93IxL116V} = –7
LWS	WT	552	Z_R = 558
	A180S	558	${theta}$ _S180A = –6

..................................................

TABLE 3 Evolutionary rates of nucleotide substitution (x10^–9/site/year)

Branch	MY	RH1	Significance	SWS1	Significance	LWS
a–b	300	d_s = 0.60 ± 0.077		1.53 ± 0.256	>>	0.80 ± 0.103
		d_n = 0.10 ± 0.013		0.30 ± 0.026	>>	0.06 ± 0.010
b–human	100	d_s = 2.00 ± 0.035	>>	0.50 ± 0.066		3.10 ± 1.948
		d_n = 0.10 ± 0.013		0.30 ± 0.026	>>	0.20 ± 0.020
b–elephant	100	d_s = 2.10 ± 0.531		2.20 ± 0.597	>	1.00 ± 0.134
		d_n = 0.10 ± 0.013		0.40 ± 0.032	>>	0.30 ± 0.026

Standard errors were computed from [9p(1 – p)/{(3 – 4p)²n}]^1/2, where p is the proportion of sites that differ and n is the number of nucleotide sites involved (KIMURA and OHTA 1972). The d_s and d_n values indicate the rates of nucleotide substitution at $~$ 200 synonymous and $~$ 616 nonsynonymous sites, respectively. Single and double inequality signs indicate that the differences are significant at 5 and 1% levels, respectively.

..................................................

Figures

Go to page: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

rating: 0.00 from 0 votes | updated on: 30 Dec 2006 | views: 664 |

share this article | email to friends

suggest a revision
print this page
print the whole article

Rate article:

Science Network - Braintrack.com - University Directory | Chemicool.com - Chemistry | EquationSheet.com - Equations

Login

Search

Tables - Elephants and Human Color-Blind Deuteranopes Have Identical Sets of Visual Pigments

Tables
- Elephants and Human Color-Blind Deuteranopes Have Identical Sets of Visual Pigments