This review summarizes functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) findings that have informed …

• Abstract
• Background: 'O (Chronic) Pain Miserum'
• Advancing our Understanding of CNS Mechanisms in Acute and Chronic Pain through fMRI
• fMRI studies of Endogenous Analgesia
• fMRI Studies of Analgesics
• Conclusion
• Abbreviation List
• References
• Figure
• Tables

Biology Articles » Neurobiology » Systems Neurobiology » Breaking down the barriers: fMRI applications in pain, analgesia and analgesics » References

References

- Breaking down the barriers: fMRI applications in pain, analgesia and analgesics

1.   Rowbotham M, Harden N, Stacey B, Bernstein P, Magnus-Miller L: Gabapentin for the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia: a randomized controlled trial.[see comment].JAMA 1998, 280(21):1837-1842.       2.   Lesser H, Sharma U, LaMoreaux L, Poole RM: Pregabalin relieves symptoms of painful diabetic neuropathy: a randomized controlled trial.Neurology 2004, 63(11):2104-2110.       3.   Gilron I, Bailey JM, Tu D, Holden RR, Weaver DF, Houlden RL: Morphine, gabapentin, or their combination for neuropathic pain.N Engl J Med 2005, 352(13):1324-1334.       4.   Gilron I, Max MB: Combination pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain: current evidence and future directions.Expert Rev Neurother 2005, 5(6):823-830.       5.   Woolf CJ, Borsook D, Koltzenburg M: Mechanism-based classifications of pain and analgesic drug discovery.In Pain: Current Understanding, Emerging Therpaies, and Novel Approaches to Drug Discovery. Edited by: C. Bountra RMWKS. New York , Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 2004:1-8.       6.   Gracely RH, Geisser ME, Giesecke T, Grant MA, Petzke F, Williams DA, Clauw DJ: Pain catastrophizing and neural responses to pain among persons with fibromyalgia.Brain 2004, 127(Pt 4):835-843.       7.   Tracey I: Prospects for human pharmacological functional magnetic resonance imaging (phMRI).J Clin Pharmacol 2001, Suppl:21S-28S.       8.   Borsook D, Ploghaus A, Becerra L: Utilizing brain imaging for analgesic drug development.Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2002, 3(9):1342-1347.       9.   Logothetis NK: The neural basis of the blood-oxygen-level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging signal.Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2002, 357(1424):1003-1037.       10.   Becerra LR, Breiter HC, Stojanovic M, Fishman S, Edwards A, Comite AR, Gonzalez RG, Borsook D: Human brain activation under controlled thermal stimulation and habituation to noxious heat: an fMRI study.Magn Reson Med 1999, 41(5):1044-1057.       11.   Davis KD, Kwan CL, Crawley AP, Mikulis DJ: Event-related fMRI of pain: entering a new era in imaging pain.Neuroreport 1998, 9(13):3019-3023.       12.   Davis KD, Pope GE, Crawley AP, Mikulis DJ: Neural correlates of prickle sensation: a percept-related fMRI study.Nat Neurosci 2002, 5(11):1121-1122.       13.   Foss JM, Apkarian AV, Chialvo DR: Dynamics of pain: fractal dimension of temporal variability of spontaneous pain differentiates between pain States.J Neurophysiol 2006, 95(2):730-736.       14.   Borsook D, Becerra L: Functional imaging of pain and analgesia--a valid diagnostic tool?Pain 2005, 117(3):247-250.       15.   Melzack R, Casey KL: Sensory, motivational, and central control determinants of pain.In The Skin Senses. Edited by: Kenshalo DR. Springfield, IL , Thomas; 1968:423-439.       16.   Borsook D, Becerra L, Carlezon W, Shaw M, Renshaw P, Elman I, Levine JA: Reward-aversion circuitry in analgesia and pain: Implications for psychiatric disorders.European Journal of Pain 2005, In press .       17.   Becerra L, Breiter HC, Wise R, Gonzalez RG, Borsook D: Reward circuitry activation by noxious thermal stimuli.Neuron 2001, 32(5):927-946.       18.   Aharon I, Becerraa L, Chabris CF, Borsooka D: Noxious heat induces fMRI activation in two anatomically distinct clusters within the nucleus accumbens.Neurosci Lett 2006, 392(3):159-164.       19.   Brooks JC, Zambreanu L, Godinez A, Craig AD, Tracey I: Somatotopic organisation of the human insula to painful heat studied with high resolution functional imaging.Neuroimage 2005, 27(1):201-209.       20.   DaSilva AF, Becerra L, Makris N, Strassman AM, Gonzalez RG, Geatrakis N, Borsook D: Somatotopic activation in the human trigeminal pain pathway.J Neurosci 2002, 22(18):8183-8192.       21.   Seymour B, O'Doherty JP, Koltzenburg M, Wiech K, Frackowiak R, Friston K, Dolan R: Opponent appetitive-aversive neural processes underlie predictive learning of pain relief.Nat Neurosci 2005, 8(9):1234-1240.       22.   Salvador R, Suckling J, Coleman MR, Pickard JD, Menon D, Bullmore E: Neurophysiological architecture of functional magnetic resonance images of human brain.Cereb Cortex 2005, 15(9):1332-1342.       23.   Horwitz B, Warner B, Fitzer J, Tagamets MA, Husain FT, Long TW: Investigating the neural basis for functional and effective connectivity. Application to fMRI.Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2005, 360(1457):1093-1108.       24.   Thirion B, Flandin G, Pinel P, Roche A, Ciuciu P, Poline JB: Dealing with the shortcomings of spatial normalization: Multi-subject parcellation of fMRI datasets.Hum Brain Mapp 2005, 678-693.       25.   Woldorff MG, Hazlett CJ, Fichtenholtz HM, Weissman DH, Dale AM, Song AW: Functional parcellation of attentional control regions of the brain.J Cogn Neurosci 2004, 16(1):149-165.       26.   Johansen-Berg H, Behrens TE, Sillery E, Ciccarelli O, Thompson AJ, Smith SM, Matthews PM: Functional-anatomical validation and individual variation of diffusion tractography-based segmentation of the human thalamus.Cereb Cortex 2005, 15(1):31-39.       27.   Ploghaus A, Tracey I, Gati JS, Clare S, Menon RS, Matthews PM, Rawlins JN: Dissociating pain from its anticipation in the human brain.Science 1999, 284(5422):1979-1981.       28.   Ploghaus A, Narain C, Beckmann CF, Clare S, Bantick S, Wise R, Matthews PM, Rawlins JN, Tracey I: Exacerbation of pain by anxiety is associated with activity in a hippocampal network.J Neurosci 2001, 21(24):9896-9903.       29.   Ploghaus A, Becerra L, Borras C, Borsook D: Neural circuitry underlying pain modulation: expectation, hypnosis, placebo.Trends Cogn Sci 2003, 7(5):197-200.       30.   Apkarian AV, Bushnell MC, Treede RD, Zubieta JK: Human brain mechanisms of pain perception and regulation in health and disease.Eur J Pain 2005, 9(4):463-484.       31.   Giesecke T, Gracely RH, Grant MA, Nachemson A, Petzke F, Williams DA, Clauw DJ: Evidence of augmented central pain processing in idiopathic chronic low back pain.Arthritis Rheum 2004, 50(2):613-623.       32.   Verne GN, Himes NC, Robinson ME, Gopinath KS, Briggs RW, Crosson B, Price DD: Central representation of visceral and cutaneous hypersensitivity in the irritable bowel syndrome.Pain 2003, 103(1-2):99-110.       33.   Becerra L, Pendse G, Korn J, Shaw M, Gostic JM, Sherman S, Gostic R, Borsook D: Dissecting drug efficacy for neuropathic pain in healthy subjects.: November. 2005.       34.   Apkarian AV, Sosa Y, Sonty S, Levy RM, Harden RN, Parrish TB, Gitelman DR: Chronic back pain is associated with decreased prefrontal and thalamic gray matter density.J Neurosci 2004, 24(46):10410-10415.       35.   Klein T, Magerl W, Rolke R, Treede RD: Human surrogate models of neuropathic pain.Pain 2005, 115(3):227-233.       36.   Blackburn-Munro G: Pain-like behaviours in animals - how human are they?Trends Pharmacol Sci 2004, 25(6):299-305.       37.   Mogil JS, Crager SE: What should we be measuring in behavioral studies of chronic pain in animals?Pain 2004, 112(1-2):12-15.       38.   LaMotte RH, Lundberg LE, Torebjork HE: Pain, hyperalgesia and activity in nociceptive C units in humans after intradermal injection of capsaicin.J Physiol 1992, 448:749-764.       39.   Maihofner C, Handwerker HO, Neundorfer B, Birklein F: Cortical reorganization during recovery from complex regional pain syndrome.Neurology 2004, 63(4):693-701.       40.   Maihofner C, Handwerker HO: Differential coding of hyperalgesia in the human brain: a functional MRI study.Neuroimage 2005, 28(4):996-1006.       41.   Iannetti GD, Zambreanu L, Wise RG, Buchanan TJ, Huggins JP, Smart TS, Vennart W, Tracey I: Pharmacological modulation of pain-related brain activity during normal and central sensitization states in humans.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005, 102(50):18195-18200.       42.   Fields HL: Pain modulation: expectation, opioid analgesia and virtual pain.Prog Brain Res 2000, 122:245-253.       43.   Suzuki R, Rygh LJ, Dickenson AH: Bad news from the brain: descending 5-HT pathways that control spinal pain processing.Trends Pharmacol Sci 2004, 25(12):613-617.       44.   Millan MJ: Descending control of pain.Prog Neurobiol 2002, 66(6):355-474.       45.   Keltner JR, Furst A, Fan C, Redfern R, Inglis B, Fields HL: Isolating the modulatory effect of expectation on pain transmission: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study.J Neurosci 2006, 26(16):4437-4443.         46.   Tracey I, Ploghaus A, Gati JS, Clare S, Smith S, Menon RS, Matthews PM: Imaging attentional modulation of pain in the periaqueductal gray in humans.J Neurosci 2002, 22(7):2748-2752.       47.   Valet M, Sprenger T, Boecker H, Willoch F, Rummeny E, Conrad B, Erhard P, Tolle TR: Distraction modulates connectivity of the cingulo-frontal cortex and the midbrain during pain--an fMRI analysis.Pain 2004, 109(3):399-408.       48.   Davis KD, Pope GE, Crawley AP, Mikulis DJ: Perceptual illusion of "paradoxical heat" engages the insular cortex.J Neurophysiol 2004, 92(2):1248-1251.       49.   Wager TD, Rilling JK, Smith EE, Sokolik A, Casey KL, Davidson RJ, Kosslyn SM, Rose RM, Cohen JD: Placebo-induced changes in FMRI in the anticipation and experience of pain.Science 2004, 303(5661):1162-1167.       50.   Lorenz J, Hauck M, Paur RC, Nakamura Y, Zimmermann R, Bromm B, Engel AK: Cortical correlates of false expectations during pain intensity judgments--a possible manifestation of placebo/nocebo cognitions.Brain Behav Immun 2005, 19(4):283-295.       51.   Fields HL, Levine JD: Biology of placebo analgesia.Am J Med 1981, 70(4):745-746.       52.   Kong J, White NS, Kwong KK, Vangel MG, Rosman IS, Gracely RH, Gollub RL: Using fMRI to dissociate sensory encoding from cognitive evaluation of heat pain intensity.Hum Brain Mapp 2005, 715-721.       53.   Gray JAMNN: The Neuropsychology of Anxiety: An Enquiry into the Functions of the Septo-Hippocampal System.In Oxford Psychology Series. Volume 33. 2nd edition. Edited by: N.J. Mackintosh TSATJLMGDSLW. Oxford , Oxford University Press; 2000:424.       54.   Ochsner KN, Ludlow DH, Knierim K, Hanelin J, Ramachandran T, Glover GC, Mackey SC: Neural correlates of individual differences in pain-related fear and anxiety.Pain 2006, 120(1-2):69-77.       55.   Ma SX: Neurobiology of Acupuncture: Toward CAM.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2004, 1(1):41-47       56.   Sandkuhler J: The organization and function of endogenous antinociceptive systems.Prog Neurobiol 1996, 50(1):49-81.       57.   Honey G, Bullmore E: Human pharmacological MRI.Trends Pharmacol Sci 2004, 25(7):366-374.       58.   Becerra L, Harter K, Gonzalez RG, Borsook D: Functional magnetic resonance imaging measures of the effects of morphine on central nervous system circuitry in opioid-naive healthy volunteers.Anesth Analg 2006, 103(1):208-16, table of contents.       59.   Borras MC, Becerra L, Ploghaus A, Gostic JM, DaSilva A, Gonzalez RG, Borsook D: fMRI measurement of CNS responses to naloxone infusion and subsequent mild noxious thermal stimuli in healthy volunteers.J Neurophysiol 2004, 91(6):2723-2733.       60.   Borsook D, Becerra L, Hargreaves RA: I spy fMRI: To be or not to be in drug development.Nature Reviews Drug Discovery     under review   61.   Baliki M, Katz J, Chialvo DR, Apkarian AV: Single subject pharmacological-MRI (phMRI) study: modulation of brain activity of psoriatic arthritis pain by cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor.Mol Pain 2005, 1:32.       62.   Morgan V, Pickens D, Gautam S, Kessler R, Mertz H: Amitriptyline reduces rectal pain related activation of the anterior cingulate cortex in patients with irritable bowel syndrome.Gut 2005, 54(5):601-607.       63.   Borsook D, DaSilva AF, Ploghaus A, Becerra L: Specific and somatotopic functional magnetic resonance imaging activation in the trigeminal ganglion by brush and noxious heat.J Neurosci 2003, 23(21):7897-7903.       64.   Fulbright RK, Troche CJ, Skudlarski P, Gore JC, Wexler BE: Functional MR imaging of regional brain activation associated with the affective experience of pain.AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001, 177(5):1205-1210.       65.   Dunckley P, Wise RG, Fairhurst M, Hobden P, Aziz Q, Chang L, Tracey I: A comparison of visceral and somatic pain processing in the human brainstem using functional magnetic resonance imaging.J Neurosci 2005, 25(32):7333-7341.       66.   Bingel U, Glascher J, Weiller C, Buchel C: Somatotopic representation of nociceptive information in the putamen: an event-related fMRI study.Cereb Cortex 2004, 14(12):1340-1345.       67.   Ploghaus A, Tracey I, Clare S, Gati JS, Rawlins JN, Matthews PM: Learning about pain: the neural substrate of the prediction error for aversive events.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000, 97(16):9281-9286.       68.   Rolls ET, O'Doherty J, Kringelbach ML, Francis S, Bowtell R, McGlone F: Representations of pleasant and painful touch in the human orbitofrontal and cingulate cortices.Cereb Cortex 2003, 13(3):308-317.       69.   Peyron R, Schneider F, Faillenot I, Convers P, Barral FG, Garcia-Larrea L, Laurent B: An fMRI study of cortical representation of mechanical allodynia in patients with neuropathic pain.Neurology 2004, 63(10):1838-1846.       70.   Becerra L, Morris S, Bazes S, Gostic R, Sherman S, Gostic J, Pendse G, Moulton E, Scrivani S, Keith D, Chizh B, Borsook D: Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain Alters Responses in CNS Circuits to Mechanical (brush) and Thermal (cold and heat) Stimuli.J Neurosci 2006, in press.       71.   Nicotra A, Critchley HD, Mathias CJ, Dolan RJ: Emotional and autonomic consequences of spinal cord injury explored using functional brain imaging.Brain 2005       72.   Villemure C, Wassimi S, Bennett GJ, Shir Y, Bushnell MC: Unpleasant odors increase pain processing in a patient with neuropathic pain: Psychophysical and fMRI investigation.Pain 2006, 120(1-2):213-220.       73.   Lebel A, Becerra L, Waring M, Morris S, Pendse G, Grant E, Moulton E, Berde C, Borsook D: fMRI of mechanical allodynia in children with complex regional (leg) pain syndrome (CRPS).Soc Neuroscience 2005.       74.   Apkarian AV, Thomas PS, Krauss BR, Szeverenyi NM: Prefrontal cortical hyperactivity in patients with sympathetically mediated chronic pain.Neurosci Lett 2001, 311(3):193-197.       75.   Cook DB, Lange G, Ciccone DS, Liu WC, Steffener J, Natelson BH: Functional imaging of pain in patients with primary fibromyalgia.J Rheumatol 2004, 31(2):364-378.       76.   Kwan CL, Diamant NE, Pope G, Mikula K, Mikulis DJ, Davis KD: Abnormal forebrain activity in functional bowel disorder patients with chronic pain.Neurology 2005, 65(8):1268-1277.       77.   Wilder-Smith CH, Schindler D, Lovblad K, Redmond SM, Nirkko A: Brain functional magnetic resonance imaging of rectal pain and activation of endogenous inhibitory mechanisms in irritable bowel syndrome patient subgroups and healthy controls.Gut 2004, 53(11):1595-1601.       78.   Mertz H, Morgan V, Tanner G, Pickens D, Price R, Shyr Y, Kessler R: Regional cerebral activation in irritable bowel syndrome and control subjects with painful and nonpainful rectal distention.Gastroenterology 2000, 118(5):842-848.       79.   Bonaz B, Baciu M, Papillon E, Bost R, Gueddah N, Le Bas JF, Fournet J, Segebarth C: Central processing of rectal pain in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: an fMRI study.Am J Gastroenterol 2002, 97(3):654-661.       80.   Pukall CF, Strigo IA, Binik YM, Amsel R, Khalife S, Bushnell MC: Neural correlates of painful genital touch in women with vulvar vestibulitis syndrome.Pain 2005, 115(1-2):118-127.       81.   Baron R, Baron Y, Disbrow E, Roberts TP: Brain processing of capsaicin-induced secondary hyperalgesia: a functional MRI study.Neurology 1999, 53(3):548-557.       82.   Zambreanu L, Wise RG, Brooks JC, Iannetti GD, Tracey I: A role for the brainstem in central sensitisation in humans. Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging.Pain 2005, 114(3):397-407.       83.   Wiech K, Seymour B, Kalisch R, Stephan KE, Koltzenburg M, Driver J, Dolan RJ: Modulation of pain processing in hyperalgesia by cognitive demand.Neuroimage 2005, 27(1):59-69.       84.   Petrovic P, Dietrich T, Fransson P, Andersson J, Carlsson K, Ingvar M: Placebo in emotional processing--induced expectations of anxiety relief activate a generalized modulatory network.Neuron 2005, 46(6):957-969.       85.   Bingel U, Lorenz J, Schoell E, Weiller C, Buchel C: Mechanisms of placebo analgesia: rACC recruitment of a subcortical antinociceptive network.Pain 2006, 120(1-2):8-15.       86.   Bantick SJ, Wise RG, Ploghaus A, Clare S, Smith SM, Tracey I: Imaging how attention modulates pain in humans using functional MRI.Brain 2002, 125(Pt 2):310-319.       87.   Hoffman HG, Richards TL, Coda B, Bills AR, Blough D, Richards AL, Sharar SR: Modulation of thermal pain-related brain activity with virtual reality: evidence from fMRI.Neuroreport 2004, 15(8):1245-1248.       88.   Kulkarni B, Bentley DE, Elliott R, Youell P, Watson A, Derbyshire SW, Frackowiak RS, Friston KJ, Jones AK: Attention to pain localization and unpleasantness discriminates the functions of the medial and lateral pain systems.Eur J Neurosci 2005, 21(11):3133-3142.       89.   Singer T, Seymour B, O'Doherty J, Kaube H, Dolan RJ, Frith CD: Empathy for pain involves the affective but not sensory components of pain.Science 2004, 303(5661):1157-1162.       90.   Panksepp J: Neuroscience. Feeling the pain of social loss.Science 2003, 302(5643):237-239.       91.   Downar J, Mikulis DJ, Davis KD: Neural correlates of the prolonged salience of painful stimulation.Neuroimage 2003, 20(3):1540-1551.       92.   Sawamoto N, Honda M, Okada T, Hanakawa T, Kanda M, Fukuyama H, Konishi J, Shibasaki H: Expectation of pain enhances responses to nonpainful somatosensory stimulation in the anterior cingulate cortex and parietal operculum/posterior insula: an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study.J Neurosci 2000, 20(19):7438-7445.       93.   Koyama T, McHaffie JG, Laurienti PJ, Coghill RC: The subjective experience of pain: where expectations become reality.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005, 102(36):12950-12955.       94.   Porro CA, Baraldi P, Pagnoni G, Serafini M, Facchin P, Maieron M, Nichelli P: Does anticipation of pain affect cortical nociceptive systems?J Neurosci 2002, 22(8):3206-3214.       95.   Derbyshire SW, Whalley MG, Stenger VA, Oakley DA: Cerebral activation during hypnotically induced and imagined pain.Neuroimage 2004, 23(1):392-401.       96.   Mailis-Gagnon A, Giannoylis I, Downar J, Kwan CL, Mikulis DJ, Crawley AP, Nicholson K, Davis KD: Altered central somatosensory processing in chronic pain patients with "hysterical" anesthesia.Neurology 2003, 60(9):1501-1507.       97.   Napadow V, Makris N, Liu J, Kettner NW, Kwong KK, Hui KK: Effects of electroacupuncture versus manual acupuncture on the human brain as measured by fMRI.Hum Brain Mapp 2005, 24(3):193-205.       98.   Liu WC, Feldman SC, Cook DB, Hung DL, Xu T, Kalnin AJ, Komisaruk BR: fMRI study of acupuncture-induced periaqueductal gray activity in humans.Neuroreport 2004, 15(12):1937-1940.       99.   Salomons TV, Johnstone T, Backonja MM, Davidson RJ: Perceived controllability modulates the neural response to pain.J Neurosci 2004, 24(32):7199-7203.       100.   deCharms RC, Maeda F, Glover GH, Ludlow D, Pauly JM, Soneji D, Gabrieli JD, Mackey SC: Control over brain activation and pain learned by using real-time functional MRI.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005, 102(51):18626-18631.       101.   Wise RG, Williams P, Tracey I: Using fMRI to quantify the time dependence of remifentanil analgesia in the human brain.Neuropsychopharmacology 2004, 29(3):626-635.       102.   Wise RG, Rogers R, Painter D, Bantick S, Ploghaus A, Williams P, Rapeport G, Tracey I: Combining fMRI with a pharmacokinetic model to determine which brain areas activated by painful stimulation are specifically modulated by remifentanil.Neuroimage 2002, 16(4):999-1014.